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What is PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) ?

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to a combination of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that occur in the days or weeks leading up to menstruation (typically during the second half of the menstrual cycle) and improve once menstruation begins. PMS affects many menstruating individuals to varying degrees and can impact overall well-being and quality of life.

What are common symptoms of PMS ?

Common symptoms of PMS include:

  • Mood Swings: Mood changes such as irritability, mood swings, anxiety, depression, or increased sensitivity to stressors.
  • Physical Symptoms: Physical discomforts such as bloating, breast tenderness, headaches, muscle or joint pain, fatigue, changes in appetite, or digestive issues.
  • Behavioral Changes: Changes in behavior or habits, such as changes in sleep patterns, difficulty concentrating, increased food cravings (especially for sweet or salty foods), or social withdrawal.
  • Emotional Symptoms: Emotional symptoms such as increased emotional sensitivity, feeling overwhelmed, or crying spells.
    It’s important to note that the severity and combination of symptoms can vary widely among individuals, and not everyone experiences PMS in the same way. For some people, PMS symptoms may be relatively mild and manageable, while for others, they can be more severe and disruptive.

The exact cause of PMS is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to hormonal fluctuations that occur during the menstrual cycle. Changes in estrogen and progesterone levels, as well as alterations in neurotransmitters (such as serotonin), may contribute to the development of PMS symptoms.

Management and treatment of PMS may involve a combination of lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, stress management techniques, regular exercise, and medication. For some individuals, hormonal contraceptives or other medications may be prescribed to help alleviate symptoms.

What Is PMDD (Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder) ?

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) characterized by intense physical and emotional symptoms that significantly interfere with daily functioning and quality of life. PMDD affects a smaller percentage of menstruating individuals compared to PMS, but the symptoms are more severe and debilitating.

What is PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) ?

PMDD shares some symptoms with PMS but is distinguished by the severity and impact of these symptoms. Common symptoms of PMDD include:

  • Mood Symptoms: Intense mood swings, irritability, anger, depression, anxiety, or feeling overwhelmed. These mood symptoms can significantly impair interpersonal relationships and daily activities.
    Physical Symptoms: Physical discomforts such as severe bloating, breast tenderness, headaches, muscle or joint pain, fatigue, changes in appetite, and digestive issues.
  • Behavioral Changes: Changes in behavior or habits, such as changes in sleep patterns (insomnia or increased sleepiness), difficulty concentrating, increased food cravings (especially for sweet or salty foods), and social withdrawal.
  • Emotional Symptoms: Emotional symptoms such as increased emotional sensitivity, feeling out of control, or experiencing intense emotional distress.
    The exact cause of PMDD is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to hormonal fluctuations and changes in neurotransmitter levels during the menstrual cycle. Factors such as genetics, hormonal imbalances, serotonin sensitivity, and environmental factors may also play a role in the development of PMDD.

Diagnosing PMDD involves evaluating the presence and severity of symptoms over multiple menstrual cycles and ruling out other potential causes of the symptoms. Treatment for PMDD may involve a combination of lifestyle modifications, medication, therapy, and support. Hormonal contraceptives, antidepressants, or other medications may be prescribed to help alleviate symptoms.

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